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Three Emerging Trends in Solid-State Battery Development The solid-state battery market has recently gained renewed momentum, with industry attention shifting from previous discussions on electrolyte technology routes, OEM and battery manufacturer deployment strategies, mass production timelines, and emerging applications such as eVTOLs. Today, the focus is converging on three core trends that are driving deeper industrialization: breakthroughs in key materials such as solid-state electrolyte membranes, rapid advancements in silicon-carbon anode materials, and synchronized innovation in production processes and equipment. Trend 1: Accelerated Innovation in Electrolyte Materials — The Rise of Solid-State Electrolyte Coated Membranes As the "fifth major material" in solid-state batteries, the solid-state electrolyte membrane is undergoing a technological shift. Initially, the industry anticipated self-supporting solid electrolyte films. However, in 2025, a new trend has emerged: leading solid-state battery players like Weilan and Tailan, as well as traditional separator manufacturers such as Senior Technology Material, are emphasizing solid-state electrolyte coating solutions on existing base membranes. Dr. Hong Li, co-founder of Weilan New Energy and researcher at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, recently emphasized that current mainstream production processes still heavily rely on base membranes. Whether through coating or in-situ solidification on a rigid substrate, or via laminated composite processes, completely membrane-free approaches face challenges in stability and reliability. Weilan’s newly launched semi-solid-state energy storage battery line (6GWh annual capacity) in Zhuhai uses coated membranes supplied by Jiangsu Sanhe (a joint venture of Enjie, Weilan, and TMY Technology), exemplifying this coated base film trend. Similarly, Tailan's "separator-free" concept actually refers to the integration of composite solid electrolytes directly onto the electrode surface, pointing to a supported structural approach. Senior Technology Material is also transitioning from base membrane supplier to total solid electrolyte membrane solution provider, in collaboration with polymer supplier Daxiao Chemical and solid electrolyte developer DeepBlue Huize. This base-film-supported solid-state electrolyte membrane approach is seen as more practical for commercialization. Its manufacturing logic aligns with the wet-process large cylindrical battery production model, emphasizing cost control and scalability. Reports suggest Japanese and Korean firms have already achieved electrolyte membrane costs 30% lower than those in China, further pressuring the market. Nevertheless, R&D on self-supporting membranes continues. In April, Zhongke Gunei announced a mass production breakthrough in sulfide-based solid electrolyte membranes (>95% sulfide content). Their products—ultra-thin (15–25μm), wide-width (400mm), and high ionic conductivity (3.82 mS/cm)—are made via a wet-process membrane casting line, showing strong potential for independent solid-state films. Trend 2: Rapid Advancement of Silicon-Carbon Anodes — Capital Flows Intensify Earlier this year, academician Ouyang Minggao from Tsinghua University stated that before 2030, the key to solid-state battery breakthroughs under 500Wh/kg lies in anode material iteration, especially silicon-carbon (Si-C) composites. Silicon anodes are gaining significant traction thanks to the large cylindrical cell trend driven by Tesla and BMW. According to GG-Lithium’s data, the first five months of 2025 have seen over 220,000 tons of new planned silicon-carbon anode capacity, with investments exceeding 20 billion RMB. Key projects include: Xinyuan Technology’s 100,000-ton Si-C project in Xiangyang, Hubei, with a record-breaking investment of 12 billion RMB. Sungrow’s 40,000-ton integrated Si-C base in Ningbo, with two product lines (high-capacity, high ICE Si-C and high-pressure-resistant Si-C) beginning trial production in early 2025. One line has been introduced into leading battery OEMs and evaluated by top consumer electronics brands. Do-Fluoride’s subsidiary Zhongning Silicon broke ground on a 40,000-ton project in Quzhou, Zhejiang, with over 5 billion RMB invested. Startups like Lanxi Zhide (1,000 tons capacity) and Solid Power (10,000 tons in Yongzhou, Hunan) are also expanding rapidly. Porous carbon materials, essential for Si-C anodes, are also heating up. Six new projects were launched in 2025. Notable players: Shengquan Group began mass production of a 1,000-ton porous carbon line. Jinbo Tech completed pilot-scale development of petroleum coke-based porous carbon and is preparing new product releases. CATL-backed Shandong Fuyuan, incubated by Fudan University’s Professor Zhao Dongyuan, is another strong player in porous carbon innovation. On the equipment side, Suzhou Neumtech, specializing in fluidized-bed CVD systems, completed a 100 million+ RMB Series A+ financing round in April to develop large-scale equipment for silicon-carbon anodes—further demonstrating tight synergy between material science and process engineering. Trend 3: Deepening Equipment-Process Integration — Dry Electrode Technology and Line Integration in the Spotlight 2025 has seen significant advancements in solid-state battery production equipment, with dry electrode process technology becoming a central focus. This trend highlights the urgent demand for high-efficiency, automated, and integrated production lines, driven by strong coordination between process development and equipment manufacturing. Notable progress includes: Lead Intelligence securing repeat orders for its solid-state battery equipment. Manz and Wynka delivering dry-process mixers and related systems. Naco Knowle’s dry roll press equipment achieving successful customer adoption. Fully integrated solutions and line-level delivery capabilities are becoming new benchmarks for equipment providers. For example: Lyric Robot won the full-line equipment contract for GAC Aion's sulfide-based solid-state battery project. Hymson signed a 400 million RMB order with XinJie Energy, covering solid-state battery production lines. New equipment releases from Shuishui Smart and Guanhong Smart show a clear move toward integrating mixing, fiberization, film formation, calendering, slitting, and winding into streamlined systems. Collaborative innovation is driving breakthroughs. For instance: Naco Knowle and Ouyang Minggao’s lab co-established a joint solid-state battery R&D center. Efly Laser partnered with Jinyu Energy to co-develop equipment tailored for full-tab pouch and prismatic aluminum-shell batteries. A notable milestone: In April, Qingyan Electronics launched China’s first 0.1GWh fully automated dry electrode line, capable of continuous production from raw materials to electrodes—marking a critical step in the shift from standalone machines to integrated lines. Qingyan continues to partner with segment leaders Honggong Tech and Naco Knowle, forming joint ventures to co-develop core integrated equipment such as hybrid homogenizers and film-forming composite machines, aiming to establish technical barriers and drive the dry electrode process forward. Conclusion In summary, the future of the solid-state battery industry is being shaped by continuous innovation in materials and synchronized breakthroughs in production technology. As solid-state electrolyte membranes, silicon-carbon anodes, and integrated dry electrode processes converge, the industry is rapidly moving toward scalable commercialization — laying a strong foundation for the next generation of high-performance energy storage systems.

China's low-altitude economy is entering a critical period of synchronized technological upgrades and commercial implementation. On one hand, the development of low-altitude aircraft, with eVTOLs (electric vertical take-off and landing vehicles) at the core, has advanced significantly toward the pivotal stage of airworthiness certification. A clear signal is that TC (Type Certificate) applications from numerous companies, including AutoFlight, Xpeng AeroHT, and Woofly, have been accepted. The industry anticipates that a密集 issuance of TCs will begin in 2026. Meanwhile, practical applications of eVTOLs are flourishing across multiple fronts: cargo eVTOLs have taken the lead in commercialization, passenger eVTOLs are steadily progressing with demonstration flights in specific scenarios like cultural tourism, and amphibious flying cars are exploring their unique value in specialized environments. These low-altitude aircraft, targeting the 50–400 km short-to-medium-haul travel market, are following an increasingly clear development path: from cargo to passenger transport, from meeting specialized needs to integrating into daily life, and from public service applications to full-scale commercial operations. At this juncture, Xu Zhongling, Dean of Sunwoda Central Research Institute, sat down for an in-depth interview with Gaogong Lithium. He emphasized that the high-dimensional demands of the low-altitude economy on power batteries are not limited to breakthroughs in a single performance metric but rather pose a comprehensive challenge balancing energy density, power density, and safety. Aviation-grade safety standards, in particular, far exceed those for passenger vehicles, presenting unique challenges and value propositions for electric aviation batteries. This requires battery manufacturers not only to accelerate R&D in high-energy-density, high-power, and high-safety technologies but also to develop technical solutions tailored to diverse niche scenarios, thereby raising the bar for their technological planning capabilities. To address these challenges, leading domestic battery companies are actively expanding their portfolios. Sunwoda has launched a range of specialized battery products for electric aviation, including: A 320 Wh/kg eVTOL-specific battery (already in mass production). A 360 Wh/kg high-specific-energy pouch semi-solid-state cell. A 46-series large cylindrical battery exceeding 350 Wh/kg. A 230 Wh/kg high-power pouch cell for hybrid-electric applications. Guided by the philosophy of "forward development," Sunwoda is spearheading technological innovation across materials, cells, and systems to tackle industry pain points and drive the overall advancement of battery technology. Aviation Power Batteries: Extreme Performance, Balanced Requirements, and Uncompromising SafetyCompared to automotive applications, electric aviation imposes far stricter demands on power batteries. Xu Zhongling notes that these demands are not confined to single performance metrics but present a high-stakes challenge requiring a balance of energy density, power characteristics, and safety. Energy density is critical for determining an aircraft’s range and payload. Calculations show that increasing the specific energy of a battery system from 200 Wh/kg to 500 Wh/kg could boost an eVTOL’s effective payload by nearly 25% or extend its cruising range by almost twofold. High-rate discharge capability is equally vital. During vertical take-off and landing, batteries must deliver 3–8C high-power output within 30 seconds to 1 minute. Even at a low 20% state of charge (SOC) during landing, the same power demand must be met. Safety is the lifeline of electric aviation batteries. High-altitude cruising, low-pressure environments, high energy density, and high-rate discharge collectively create severe safety challenges. Xu stresses that aviation-grade safety standards far surpass those for passenger cars. For instance, in the event of any battery system failure—even if the aircraft is damaged—the remaining battery capacity must ensure a safe landing. This means that even if half the batteries fail, the rest must support the aircraft’s safe descent. Additionally, batteries must pass tests such as high-altitude drop without ignition, and for passenger aircraft, toxic gases from thermal runaway must not enter the cabin—requirements that go beyond automotive standards, which only mandate escape time for occupants. Sunwoda’s "Forward Development": Dual-Technology Path StrategyTo meet the stringent demands of electric aviation batteries, Xu Zhongling explains that Sunwoda is adopting a "forward development" strategy, "seeking certainty amid uncertainty" by pursuing two parallel technology paths: large cylindrical and pouch solid-state batteries. Large cylindrical batteries offer advantages for eVTOLs, such as energy density upgrades based on existing material systems and high safety. Their compatibility and standardization facilitate platform-based development and mass production, making them suitable for aircraft with larger power demands. However, their system integration efficiency is relatively low, and they may struggle to meet highly customized requirements. Pouch cells, on the other hand, excel in unlocking the energy density potential of battery chemistries, particularly accommodating silicon anode expansion issues, leaving room for further improvements in energy density and lifespan. With inherently safer chemistries—especially semi-solid and solid-state technologies—the safety drawbacks of pouch cells at the cell level can be mitigated. Moreover, pouch cells’ adaptability allows for customized dimensions and capacities, maximizing space utilization in eVTOL designs. This dual-path approach reflects Sunwoda’s comprehensive trade-offs in platformization, cost, safety, future technology adaptability, customization, and space efficiency. Currently, Sunwoda has achieved milestones in electric aviation batteries: Its mass-produced eVTOL-specific battery, "Xin·Yunxiao 1.0," delivers 320 Wh/kg energy density, 3300 W/kg continuous power density at room temperature, operates across -30°C to 60°C, supports 2000 cycles, and has passed extreme-environment airworthiness tests. The upgraded "Xin·Yunxiao 2.0" boasts 360 Wh/kg energy density, 3900 W/kg power density, 10C continuous discharge, -35°C to 80°C operating range, 1800 cycles, and system-level thermal runaway prevention, passing over a dozen rigorous safety tests including 200°C hotbox and nail penetration. For large cylindrical batteries, Sunwoda’s 46-series cells feature bidirectional full-tab structures, high-nickel high-silicon chemistry, and high-strength casings. The second-generation products achieve ≥350 Wh/kg energy density, ≥3C fast charging, ≥10C high-rate discharge under extreme conditions, and ≥1000 cycles. These high-specific-energy solutions cater to pure-electric eVTOLs’ needs for higher payloads and longer ranges, suitable for both passenger and cargo aircraft. For hybrid-electric aircraft requiring power supplementation during take-off and landing, Sunwoda has developed a 230 Wh/kg pouch cell with 20C continuous discharge and 70C instantaneous discharge capabilities. Sunwoda’s differentiated edge in electric aviation batteries lies in its ability to meet diverse application needs while surpassing the industry’s 300 Wh/kg energy density benchmark. By offering faster charging and longer cycle life, it helps OEMs reduce operational costs and enhance profitability. Technological Core: Systemic Innovation Addressing eVTOL Battery Pain PointsUnderpinning these advantages is Sunwoda’s systemic innovation in electric aviation battery technology. Xu Zhongling highlights that eVTOL battery R&D pain points first manifest at the material level, centering on how to ensure high safety and long cycle life while pursuing high-specific-energy active materials. Sunwoda has tackled this through systematic breakthroughs: For high-nickel ternary cathodes, precise coating and doping technologies achieve 230 mAh/g specific capacity while raising the DSC exothermic onset temperature by 20°C, enhancing intrinsic safety and thermal stability. For anodes, alloy-designed silicon-carbon materials deliver 2700 mAh/g specific capacity and double cycle life. Combined with upgraded electrode technology, they achieve near-zero expansion at 100% depth of discharge (DOD), reducing electrode elongation by 90% and mitigating silicon anode expansion. Custom electrolytes withstand high voltage and the strong oxidation of high-nickel cathodes while enabling high ionic conductivity for high-power discharge and meeting aviation flame-retardancy standards. Innovative double-sided coating and zero-thermal-shrinkage separator enhancements further improve reliability and safety under extreme conditions. Another major R&D challenge lies in electrodes: achieving high-power continuous discharge without compromising energy density or safety. Sunwoda’s "soft solid-state" battery technology merges the high safety of solid-state systems with the high power of liquid systems, striking an optimal balance for aviation power batteries. Xu notes that eVTOLs’ extreme performance demands and relatively lenient cost environments allow technologies previously shelved in automotive batteries due to cost constraints to find their first applications in eVTOL batteries. For safety, since liquid cooling adds significant weight, electric aviation batteries typically adopt air or forced-air cooling, demanding superior heat dissipation and temperature uniformity. Sunwoda has developed cost-effective, efficient thermal management solutions and multi-level thermal protection with smart early-warning technologies from cells to packs. Aviation Battery R&D Driving Industry AdvancementBattery manufacturers’ "forward development" practices are shaping eVTOL battery evolution, with solid-state batteries emerging as a key battleground. Sunwoda views low-altitude economy battery R&D as an innovation engine for upgrading the entire battery technology ecosystem, not just a solution for new applications. Xu emphasizes that breakthroughs here, especially in solid-state batteries, will feedback into and accelerate advancements in new energy vehicle batteries, revealing the strategic synergy behind Sunwoda’s low-altitude economy focus. Currently, the low-altitude economy is transitioning from policy-driven beginnings to a phase marked by R&D成果落地 and批量 market orders. By the end of 2024, leading eVTOL makers like Xpeng AeroHT and Eve Air Mobility had orders exceeding 3000 units each, with EHang surpassing 1500. By April 2025, multiple OEMs had partnered with financial leasing firms and banks, securing 470意向 orders. Electrification remains the key trend sustaining eVTOLs’ long-term competitiveness. Market projections estimate China’s cumulative eVTOL demand will surpass 16,000 units by 2030. Assuming 200 kWh per aircraft and aviation-grade battery prices at ¥3/Wh, the front-load market could approach ¥10 billion. Order commitments and deepening产融协同 are solidifying growth certainty in this emerging sector. Sunwoda has established deep partnerships with leading global eVTOL companies, showcasing its technology-driven positioning. Looking ahead, it plans to launch aviation power batteries exceeding 400 Wh/kg. Its all-solid-state electrolyte prototype—60Ah, 1500 cycles, -30°C to 80°C operation, 400 Wh/kg—has passed nail penetration and 200°C hotbox tests. Xu predicts that achieving such energy density without sacrificing safety or power performance will usher in a golden age for low-altitude aircraft batteries. On mass production challenges, Xu notes that liquid or semi-solid-state processes differ little from existing power batteries, requiring tighter humidity control and ppb-level defect detection. All-solid-state batteries present more unique hurdles. Platformization and standardization will be critical for cost reduction and sustainable industry growth. In summary, from collaborative supply chain development to mass production, the eVTOL battery industry is establishing measurable, traceable standards and协同 processes. The low-altitude economy’s rapid ascent is stretching the boundaries of power battery technology, propelling the entire industry to new heights. With its deep technical积累, "forward development" ethos, and dual-technology roadmap, Sunwoda is seizing the historic opportunities presented by eVTOL industrialization, aiming to lead technologically and commercially in the vast blue ocean of the low-altitude economy.

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